A finite spike is handled by exact sample count and range ledgers. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.
highlighted = computed this step
A spike changes values, not the count
The sample count is still 4, even when the last sample is 16 volts.
n=4
The finite range marks the spike
The min is 2 volts and the max is 16 volts, so the range is 14 volts.