A single spike can widen the min-to-max range while leaving the sample count unchanged, so range and count answer different measurement questions. The row arithmetic is exact only for the declared four samples and no clipping or filtering; real traces add outlier policy, saturation, bandwidth limits, timestamp alignment, and noise uncertainty.
A finite spike is handled by exact sample count and range ledgers. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.
highlighted = computed this step
A spike changes values, not the count
The sample count is still 4, even when the last sample is 16 volts.
n=4
The finite range marks the spike
The min is 2 volts and the max is 16 volts, so the range is 14 volts.