A finite voltage trace is first a checked sample ledger. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

The samples are the source ledger

The four samples are 2, 4, 6, and 8 volts, so the checked sum is 20 volts.

2+4+6+8=202+4+6+8=20
Sample ledgerThe sample list and sum are checked together.rawSamples=2,4,6,8 Vbaseline=0 Vsamples=2,4,6,8 Vcount=4sum=20 Vaverage=5 Vmin=2 Vmax=8 V

The average is tied to the count

The count is 4, so average 5 volts is not a copied label.

Vˉ=204=5 V\bar V=\frac{20}{4}=5\ \text{V}
Checked averageA stale average label fails the signal ledger check.rawSamples=2,4,6,8 Vbaseline=0 Vsamples=2,4,6,8 Vcount=4sum=20 Vaverage=5 Vmin=2 Vmax=8 V