Secondary turns can pass, touch, or fail a voltage ceiling. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Secondary turn row 1

Primary turns stay 4, primary voltage stays 12 V, and secondary turns 1 give secondary voltage 3 V against a 6 V ceiling, so margin is 3 V.

m=3 Vpassm=3\ \text{V}\quad\text{pass}
Secondary voltage-limit boundarySecondary turns move the voltage margin.Np 4Ns 1Vp 12 VVs 3 VIp 0 AIs 0 APp 0 WPs 0 W

Secondary turn row 2

Primary turns stay 4, primary voltage stays 12 V, and secondary turns 2 give secondary voltage 6 V against a 6 V ceiling, so margin is 0 V.

m=0 Vpassm=0\ \text{V}\quad\text{pass}
Secondary voltage-limit boundarySecondary turns move the voltage margin.Np 4Ns 2Vp 12 VVs 6 VIp 0 AIs 0 APp 0 WPs 0 W

Secondary turn row 3

Primary turns stay 4, primary voltage stays 12 V, and secondary turns 3 give secondary voltage 9 V against a 6 V ceiling, so margin is negative 3 V.

m=3 Vfailm=-3\ \text{V}\quad\text{fail}
Secondary voltage-limit boundarySecondary turns move the voltage margin.Np 4Ns 3Vp 12 VVs 9 VIp 0 AIs 0 APp 0 WPs 0 W