Flux change rate can pass, touch, or exceed a winding voltage limit. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Flux-change row 1

Turn counts and interval stay fixed. Flux change 1 Wb in 1 s gives primary voltage 4 V against an 8 V ceiling, so margin is 4 V.

m=4 Vpassm=4\ \text{V}\quad\text{pass}
Flux-change voltage boundaryThe shared flux source sets both winding voltages.Np 4Ns 2dPhi 1 Wbdt 1 sVp 4 VVs 2 Vmode aiding

Flux-change row 2

Turn counts and interval stay fixed. Flux change 2 Wb in 1 s gives primary voltage 8 V against an 8 V ceiling, so margin is 0 V.

m=0 Vpassm=0\ \text{V}\quad\text{pass}
Flux-change voltage boundaryThe shared flux source sets both winding voltages.Np 4Ns 2dPhi 2 Wbdt 1 sVp 8 VVs 4 Vmode aiding

Flux-change row 3

Turn counts and interval stay fixed. Flux change 3 Wb in 1 s gives primary voltage 12 V against an 8 V ceiling, so margin is negative 4 V.

m=4 Vfailm=-4\ \text{V}\quad\text{fail}
Flux-change voltage boundaryThe shared flux source sets both winding voltages.Np 4Ns 2dPhi 3 Wbdt 1 sVp 12 VVs 6 Vmode aiding