Target Size Three-Row Scan - Electronic Circuits IX: Feedback Control and Stability Margins Step by Step

Holding sensor and gain fixed shows target size scaling every checked loop value. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Four volt target leaves one volt of error

With sensor gain 1 and forward gain 3, target 4 volts closes at output 3 volts and error 1 volt.

y={12\over 4}=3\ \text{V},\quad e=1\ \text{V}

Eight volt target doubles the output and error

The same loop with target 8 volts gives output 6 volts and error 2 volts.

y={24\over 4}=6\ \text{V},\quad e=2\ \text{V}

Twelve volt target leaves three volts of error

Target 12 volts gives output 9 volts and error 3 volts.

y={36\over 4}=9\ \text{V},\quad e=3\ \text{V}