Rail Ceiling Three-Row Scan - Electronic Circuits IX: Feedback Control and Stability Margins Step by Step

A fixed command against three upper rails shows when the actuator leaves saturation. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

A four volt rail clips the command

Command 7 volts with upper rail 4 volts clips to output 4 volts.

\operatorname{clip}(7;0,4)=4\ \text{V}

A six volt rail still clips the command

Raising the upper rail to 6 volts raises the checked output to 6 volts.

\operatorname{clip}(7;0,6)=6\ \text{V}

An eight volt rail lets the command pass

With upper rail 8 volts, command 7 volts is inside the range, so output is 7 volts.

\operatorname{clip}(7;0,8)=7\ \text{V}