Forward Bias Lowers the Barrier - Semiconductor Physics: Bands, Doping, and Junctions Step by Step

Forward applied voltage lowers the toy barrier ledger. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Forward bias lowers the effective barrier

Built-in voltage 3 volts minus applied voltage 2 volts leaves 1 volt.

V_{\mathrm{eff}}=3 - 2=1

The lowered barrier has two joules

Charge 2 coulombs times 1 volt gives 2 joules.

E=2\cdot 1=2\ \mathrm{J}