A beam irradiance begins as a checked power-over-area ledger. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Irradiance divides source power by beam area

The power and beam area are checked before the irradiance label is allowed to render.

I=PA=244=6 W/m2I=\frac{P}{A}=\frac{24}{4}=6\ \text{W}/\text{m}^{2}
Irradiance ledgerPower, area, and irradiance are source-bound.power=24 WbeamArea=4 m^2irradiance=6 W/m^2

The brightness word is not the source

Only the checked quotient supplies the displayed irradiance.

P=24 W,A=4 m2P=24\ \text{W},\quad A=4\ \text{m}^{2}
Source-bound irradianceA stale irradiance label fails validation.power=24 WbeamArea=4 m^2irradiance=6 W/m^2