An exact threshold tie is handled explicitly by repeating the readout. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Equality is not guessed

A signal exactly equal to threshold 5 is assigned the repeat rule, not zero or one.

5=5repeat5=5\Rightarrow \text{repeat}
Tie at thresholdThe signal marker sits exactly on the threshold.zero signal 2one signal 8threshold 5input 5 reads repeat

The dead band here is only equality

This book uses a narrow tie rule: only exact equality at 5 repeats the measurement.

T=5T=5
Repeat ruleNo wider noise model is introduced.zero signal 2one signal 8threshold 5input 5 reads repeat