A toy Human Genome Project pipeline combines copy counts, read coverage, and measurement arrays. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.
highlighted = computed this step
A simplified pipeline starts with counted copies
Starting count 5 after 2 ideal cycles gives 20 copies.
N=5⋅22=20
Read accounting gives coverage
Read count 20, read length 100, and genome length 1000 give coverage 2 x.
coverage=2
A chip stores many local measurements
The toy chip has 12 addresses. The Human Genome Project was an instrumentation and counting-scale challenge, not a single magic read.