Out-of-phase normal modes show how coupling stiffness shifts the squared frequency. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Zero coupling leaves the wall spring alone

Out-of-phase motion stretches the coupling spring. With mass 2 kg and wall stiffness 2 newtons per metre, coupling stiffness 0 gives omega squared 1 per second squared.

ω2=2+2×02=1\omega^{2}={2+2\times0\over 2}=1
Coupling-stiffness normal-mode rowMode signs and squared frequency are checked.mode=out-of-phasem=2 kgk_wall=2 N/mk_couple=0 N/msigns=+,-omega2=1 1/s^2

One coupling spring doubles the squared frequency

Out-of-phase motion stretches the coupling spring. With mass 2 kg and wall stiffness 2 newtons per metre, coupling stiffness 1 gives omega squared 2 per second squared.

ω2=2+2×12=2\omega^{2}={2+2\times1\over 2}=2
Coupling-stiffness normal-mode rowMode signs and squared frequency are checked.mode=out-of-phasem=2 kgk_wall=2 N/mk_couple=1 N/msigns=+,-omega2=2 1/s^2

Three coupling units make four squared-frequency units

Out-of-phase motion stretches the coupling spring. With mass 2 kg and wall stiffness 2 newtons per metre, coupling stiffness 3 gives omega squared 4 per second squared.

ω2=2+2×32=4\omega^{2}={2+2\times3\over 2}=4
Coupling-stiffness normal-mode rowMode signs and squared frequency are checked.mode=out-of-phasem=2 kgk_wall=2 N/mk_couple=3 N/msigns=+,-omega2=4 1/s^2