What Simple Genetics Models Leave Out - Mendelian Genetics & Hardy-Weinberg Step by Step

Exact Mendelian and Hardy-Weinberg ratios depend on biological assumptions.

highlighted = computed this step

Exact ratios need idealized conditions

Hardy-Weinberg needs random mating, no selection, no mutation, no migration, no drift, and an effectively infinite population. Those assumptions make the arithmetic clean; they are not guaranteed in real populations.

\text{exact ratio} \Rightarrow \text{model assumptions}

Simple dominance is not all inheritance

Mendel's independent assortment breaks under genetic linkage. A single dominant-or-recessive rule also leaves out incomplete dominance, co-dominance, and polygenic traits.

\text{simple model} \ne \text{all inheritance}