Three active-gain rows show gain-squared scaling after a fixed passive filter. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Unity gain leaves the filtered budget at four

The passive low-pass stage leaves budget 4. Gain 1 keeps final budget 4.

412=44\cdot 1^2=4
Unity active-gain rowThe active stage is separated from the passive filter.ffcratioinoutratioinoutlowpassgain

Gain two makes sixteen output units

The passive budget is still 4. Gain 2 has squared ratio 4, so final budget is 16.

422=164\cdot 2^2=16
Gain-two active rowVoltage gain squares when applied to a squared budget.ffcratioinoutratioinoutlowpassgain

Gain three makes thirty-six output units

The third row holds the passive filter fixed and changes gain to 3. Final budget becomes 36.

432=364\cdot 3^2=36
Gain-three active rowThree gain rows show the squared active stage.ffcratioinoutratioinoutlowpassgain