Aligned, slanted, and crossed axes show the passed field component as a component ledger. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.
highlighted = computed this step
Aligned axis passes the whole field component
With axis factor 1, the incoming 10 volts per metre remains 10 volts per metre along the polarizer axis.
E∥=10V/m⋅1=10V/m
A three-four-five axis passes six volts per metre
The middle row uses projection factor 3/5 and passes 6 volts per metre from the same incident field.
E∥=10V/m⋅53=6V/m
Crossed axis passes zero field component
Crossed orientation changes the projection factor to 0, so the axis component is 0 volts per metre.