One Polarizer as a Projection

crossed-polarizer-has-zero-axis-component

A crossed polarizer sends the axis component to zero before any intensity claim. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

A crossed polarizer has zero pass component

With crossed orientation, the parallel slot is exactly 0

E∥=0 V/m, E⊥=10 V/mE_{\parallel}=0\ \text{V}/\text{m}, \ E_{\perp}=10\ \text{V}/\text{m}
Crossed polarizer has no axis passA crossed polarizer passes zero axis component.incidentField=10 V/maxisMode=crossedparallelFactor=0parallelField=0 V/mperpendicularField=10 V/macceptedBit=1 bit