A multi-ramp PCR chip program has checked heat energy. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.
highlighted = computed this step
One ramp has checked heat
The chip heat capacity is 4 J/K and each ramp changes temperature by 15 K. One ramp uses 60 J.
Q=CΔT=60J
Ramp energies add across the program
Two identical ramps give total ramp energy 120 J. Spatial gradients and transient heat transfer are outside this model.