Chip Energy and Readout Closure

PCR Heat Step Ledger Audit

capacity times temperature step

An ideal PCR chip heating step can audit heater energy without making a biochemical yield claim. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

PCR heating is an ideal capacity-times-temperature ledger

This lesson stays at the instrumentation level. It checks heat capacity and temperature step; it does not claim PCR yield, enzyme kinetics, or biochemical efficiency.

Q=CΔTQ=C\Delta T
PCR heat step auditThe middle row is the rendered heat step.50 Jheat300 Kstart310 Kend

Three heat steps close by multiplication

Each row multiplies chip heat capacity by temperature step. The heat column is therefore a checked energy ledger, not a free label.

CΔTQ4 J/K20 K80 J5 J/K10 K50 J3 J/K30 K90 J\begin{array}{c|c|c}C&\Delta T&Q\\4\ \text{J/K}&20\ \text{K}&80\ \text{J}\\5\ \text{J/K}&10\ \text{K}&50\ \text{J}\\3\ \text{J/K}&30\ \text{K}&90\ \text{J}\\\end{array}
PCR heat step scanThe middle row has the same heat as the table.50 Jheat300 Kstart310 Kend

The rendered PCR step cites the same numbers

For the rendered row, heat capacity is 5 J/K and the temperature step is 10 K, so the heat is 50 J.

5 J/K⋅10 K=50 J5\ \text{J/K}\cdot10\ \text{K}=50\ \text{J}
PCR heat closureThe heat bar and thermometer endpoints share the same row.50 Jheat300 Kstart310 Kend

Large heat can come from capacity or temperature step

The first and final rows both produce larger heat than the middle row, but for different reasons. One row uses a larger temperature step; the other uses a different capacity-step pair.

CΔT must be read as a pairC\Delta T\text{ must be read as a pair}
PCR heat contrastThe final row uses a different capacity-step pair.90 Jheat300 Kstart330 Kend

The heat ledger stays separate from biochemical claims

The instrument can audit heater energy without pretending to audit amplification yield. That separation keeps the physics claim exact.

J/K⋅K=JJ/K\cdot K=J
PCR heat auditHeat is checked by unit algebra before interpretation.50 Jheat300 Kstart310 Kend