Date & Time

Time Introduction

Scheduling systems and time tracking applications need to work with times of day independent of dates. Python's time class represents hours, minutes, seconds, and microseconds. Learn to create times, access components, and validate business hours for real-world applications.

time from the datetime module represents a time without date (hour, minute, second, microsecond).

Creating Times

time1
create.py
Replay: real traced execution (multi-file project)
# Create specific time

from datetime import time

# Create specific times
# Create with hour and minute
time1 = time(14, 30)
print(f"Time 1 (HH:MM): {time1}")

# Create with hour, minute, second
time2 = time(14, 30, 45)
print(f"Time 2 (HH:MM:SS): {time2}")

# Create with hour, minute, second, microsecond
time3 = time(14, 30, 45, 123456)
print(f"Time 3 (with micros): {time3}")

# Common times
morning = time(9, 0)
lunch_time = time(12, 30)
evening = time(18, 0)

print("\nCommon times:")
print(f"Morning: {morning}")
print(f"Lunch: {lunch_time}")
print(f"Evening: {evening}")

# Midnight
midnight = time(0, 0, 0)
# or
midnight2 = time.min
print(f"\nMidnight: {midnight}")
print(f"Midnight (min): {midnight2}")

# Almost midnight
almost_midnight = time(23, 59, 59, 999999)
# or
almost_midnight2 = time.max
print(f"Almost midnight: {almost_midnight}")
print(f"Almost midnight (max): {almost_midnight2}")

# Modify components
modified = time1.replace(hour=16, minute=45)
print(f"\nModified: {modified}")

# Only change hour
next_hour = time1.replace(hour=time1.hour + 1)
print(f"Next hour: {next_hour}")

# Min and max
min_time = time.min
max_time = time.max
print(f"\nMin: {min_time}")
print(f"Max: {max_time}")

# Noon
noon = time(12, 0)
print(f"Noon: {noon}")

# Generate hourly times
print("\nHourly times (9-17):")
for hour in range(9, 18):
    t = time(hour, 0)
    print(f"  {t}")

# Quarter hours
print("\nQuarter hours:")
for minute in [0, 15, 30, 45]:
    t = time(14, minute)
    print(f"  {t}")


# Create specific time

from datetime import time

# Create specific times
# Create with hour and minute
time1 = time(9, 0)
print(f"Time 1 (HH:MM): {time1}")

# Create with hour, minute, second
time2 = time(14, 30, 45)
print(f"Time 2 (HH:MM:SS): {time2}")

# Create with hour, minute, second, microsecond
time3 = time(14, 30, 45, 123456)
print(f"Time 3 (with micros): {time3}")

# Common times
morning = time(9, 0)
lunch_time = time(12, 30)
evening = time(18, 0)

print("\nCommon times:")
print(f"Morning: {morning}")
print(f"Lunch: {lunch_time}")
print(f"Evening: {evening}")

# Midnight
midnight = time(0, 0, 0)
# or
midnight2 = time.min
print(f"\nMidnight: {midnight}")
print(f"Midnight (min): {midnight2}")

# Almost midnight
almost_midnight = time(23, 59, 59, 999999)
# or
almost_midnight2 = time.max
print(f"Almost midnight: {almost_midnight}")
print(f"Almost midnight (max): {almost_midnight2}")

# Modify components
modified = time1.replace(hour=16, minute=45)
print(f"\nModified: {modified}")

# Only change hour
next_hour = time1.replace(hour=time1.hour + 1)
print(f"Next hour: {next_hour}")

# Min and max
min_time = time.min
max_time = time.max
print(f"\nMin: {min_time}")
print(f"Max: {max_time}")

# Noon
noon = time(12, 0)
print(f"Noon: {noon}")

# Generate hourly times
print("\nHourly times (9-17):")
for hour in range(9, 18):
    t = time(hour, 0)
    print(f"  {t}")

# Quarter hours
print("\nQuarter hours:")
for minute in [0, 15, 30, 45]:
    t = time(14, minute)
    print(f"  {t}")


# Create specific time

from datetime import time

# Create specific times
# Create with hour and minute
time1 = time(18, 45)
print(f"Time 1 (HH:MM): {time1}")

# Create with hour, minute, second
time2 = time(14, 30, 45)
print(f"Time 2 (HH:MM:SS): {time2}")

# Create with hour, minute, second, microsecond
time3 = time(14, 30, 45, 123456)
print(f"Time 3 (with micros): {time3}")

# Common times
morning = time(9, 0)
lunch_time = time(12, 30)
evening = time(18, 0)

print("\nCommon times:")
print(f"Morning: {morning}")
print(f"Lunch: {lunch_time}")
print(f"Evening: {evening}")

# Midnight
midnight = time(0, 0, 0)
# or
midnight2 = time.min
print(f"\nMidnight: {midnight}")
print(f"Midnight (min): {midnight2}")

# Almost midnight
almost_midnight = time(23, 59, 59, 999999)
# or
almost_midnight2 = time.max
print(f"Almost midnight: {almost_midnight}")
print(f"Almost midnight (max): {almost_midnight2}")

# Modify components
modified = time1.replace(hour=16, minute=45)
print(f"\nModified: {modified}")

# Only change hour
next_hour = time1.replace(hour=time1.hour + 1)
print(f"Next hour: {next_hour}")

# Min and max
min_time = time.min
max_time = time.max
print(f"\nMin: {min_time}")
print(f"Max: {max_time}")

# Noon
noon = time(12, 0)
print(f"Noon: {noon}")

# Generate hourly times
print("\nHourly times (9-17):")
for hour in range(9, 18):
    t = time(hour, 0)
    print(f"  {t}")

# Quarter hours
print("\nQuarter hours:")
for minute in [0, 15, 30, 45]:
    t = time(14, minute)
    print(f"  {t}")

  1. time1 ← 14:30:00, time2 ← 14:30:45, time3 ← 14:30:45.123456, morning ← 09:00:00

    6# Create with hour and minute7time1→ 14:30:00 = time(14, 30)  #@time1=time(9, 0), time(18, 45)8print(f"Time 1 (HH:MM): {time114:30:00}")910# Create with hour, minute, second11time2→ 14:30:45 = time(14, 30, 45)12print(f"Time 2 (HH:MM:SS): {time214:30:45}")1314# Create with hour, minute, second, microsecond15time3→ 14:30:45.123456 = time(14, 30, 45, 123456)16print(f"Time 3 (with micros): {time314:30:45.123456}")1718# Common times19morning→ 09:00:00 = time(9, 0)20lunch_time→ 12:30:00 = time(12, 30)21evening→ 18:00:00 = time(18, 0)2223print("\nCommon times:")24print(f"Morning: {morning09:00:00}")25print(f"Lunch: {lunch_time12:30:00}")26print(f"Evening: {evening18:00:00}")2728# Midnight29midnight→ 00:00:00 = time(0, 0, 0)30# or31midnight2→ 00:00:00 = time.min00:00:0032print(f"\nMidnight: {midnight00:00:00}")33print(f"Midnight (min): {midnight200:00:00}")3435# Almost midnight36almost_midnight→ 23:59:59.999999 = time(23, 59, 59, 999999)37# or38almost_midnight2→ 23:59:59.999999 = time.max23:59:59.99999939print(f"Almost midnight: {almost_midnight23:59:59.999999}")40print(f"Almost midnight (max): {almost_midnight223:59:59.999999}")4142# Modify components43modified→ 16:45:00 = time114:30:00.replace(hour=16, minute=45)44print(f"\nModified: {modified16:45:00}")4546# Only change hour47next_hour→ 15:30:00 = time114:30:00.replace(hour=time1.hour14 + 1)48print(f"Next hour: {next_hour15:30:00}")4950# Min and max51min_time→ 00:00:00 = time.min00:00:0052max_time→ 23:59:59.999999 = time.max23:59:59.99999953print(f"\nMin: {min_time00:00:00}")54print(f"Max: {max_time23:59:59.999999}")5556# Noon57noon→ 12:00:00 = time(12, 0)58print(f"Noon: {noon12:00:00}")5960# Generate hourly times61print("\nHourly times (9-17):")62for hour in range(9, 18):
    outputTime 1 (HH:MM): 14:30:00
Time 2 (HH:MM:SS): 14:30:45
Time 3 (with micros): 14:30:45.123456

Common times:
Morning: 09:00:00
Lunch: 12:30:00
Evening: 18:00:00

Midnight: 00:00:00
Midnight (min): 00:00:00
Almost midnight: 23:59:59.999999
Almost midnight (max): 23:59:59.999999

Modified: 16:45:00
Next hour: 15:30:00

Min: 00:00:00
Max: 23:59:59.999999
Noon: 12:00:00

Hourly times (9-17):

  2. t ← 09:00:00

    pass 1 of 9
    61print("\nHourly times (9-17):")62for hour9 in range(9, 18):63    t→ 09:00:00 = time(hour9, 0)64    print(f"  {t09:00:00}")
    output  09:00:00
    All 9 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passhourt
    1909:00:00
    21010:00:00
    31111:00:00
    41212:00:00
    51313:00:00
    61414:00:00
    71515:00:00
    81616:00:00
    91717:00:00

  3. print(" Quarter hours:")

    66# Quarter hours67print("\nQuarter hours:")68for minute in [0, 15, 30, 45]:
    output
Quarter hours:

  4. t ← 14:00:00

    pass 1 of 4
    67print("\nQuarter hours:")68for minute0 in [0, 15, 30, 45]:69    t→ 14:00:00 = time(14, minute0)70    print(f"  {t14:00:00}")
    output  14:00:00
    All 4 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passminutet
    1014:00:00
    21514:15:00
    33014:30:00
    44514:45:00

  1. time1 ← 09:00:00, time2 ← 14:30:45, time3 ← 14:30:45.123456, morning ← 09:00:00

    6# Create with hour and minute7time1→ 09:00:00 = time(9, 0)8print(f"Time 1 (HH:MM): {time109:00:00}")910# Create with hour, minute, second11time2→ 14:30:45 = time(14, 30, 45)12print(f"Time 2 (HH:MM:SS): {time214:30:45}")1314# Create with hour, minute, second, microsecond15time3→ 14:30:45.123456 = time(14, 30, 45, 123456)16print(f"Time 3 (with micros): {time314:30:45.123456}")1718# Common times19morning→ 09:00:00 = time(9, 0)20lunch_time→ 12:30:00 = time(12, 30)21evening→ 18:00:00 = time(18, 0)2223print("\nCommon times:")24print(f"Morning: {morning09:00:00}")25print(f"Lunch: {lunch_time12:30:00}")26print(f"Evening: {evening18:00:00}")2728# Midnight29midnight→ 00:00:00 = time(0, 0, 0)30# or31midnight2→ 00:00:00 = time.min00:00:0032print(f"\nMidnight: {midnight00:00:00}")33print(f"Midnight (min): {midnight200:00:00}")3435# Almost midnight36almost_midnight→ 23:59:59.999999 = time(23, 59, 59, 999999)37# or38almost_midnight2→ 23:59:59.999999 = time.max23:59:59.99999939print(f"Almost midnight: {almost_midnight23:59:59.999999}")40print(f"Almost midnight (max): {almost_midnight223:59:59.999999}")4142# Modify components43modified→ 16:45:00 = time109:00:00.replace(hour=16, minute=45)44print(f"\nModified: {modified16:45:00}")4546# Only change hour47next_hour→ 10:00:00 = time109:00:00.replace(hour=time1.hour9 + 1)48print(f"Next hour: {next_hour10:00:00}")4950# Min and max51min_time→ 00:00:00 = time.min00:00:0052max_time→ 23:59:59.999999 = time.max23:59:59.99999953print(f"\nMin: {min_time00:00:00}")54print(f"Max: {max_time23:59:59.999999}")5556# Noon57noon→ 12:00:00 = time(12, 0)58print(f"Noon: {noon12:00:00}")5960# Generate hourly times61print("\nHourly times (9-17):")62for hour in range(9, 18):
    outputTime 1 (HH:MM): 09:00:00
Time 2 (HH:MM:SS): 14:30:45
Time 3 (with micros): 14:30:45.123456

Common times:
Morning: 09:00:00
Lunch: 12:30:00
Evening: 18:00:00

Midnight: 00:00:00
Midnight (min): 00:00:00
Almost midnight: 23:59:59.999999
Almost midnight (max): 23:59:59.999999

Modified: 16:45:00
Next hour: 10:00:00

Min: 00:00:00
Max: 23:59:59.999999
Noon: 12:00:00

Hourly times (9-17):

  2. t ← 09:00:00

    pass 1 of 9
    61print("\nHourly times (9-17):")62for hour9 in range(9, 18):63    t→ 09:00:00 = time(hour9, 0)64    print(f"  {t09:00:00}")
    output  09:00:00
    All 9 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passhourt
    1909:00:00
    21010:00:00
    31111:00:00
    41212:00:00
    51313:00:00
    61414:00:00
    71515:00:00
    81616:00:00
    91717:00:00

  3. print(" Quarter hours:")

    66# Quarter hours67print("\nQuarter hours:")68for minute in [0, 15, 30, 45]:
    output
Quarter hours:

  4. t ← 14:00:00

    pass 1 of 4
    67print("\nQuarter hours:")68for minute0 in [0, 15, 30, 45]:69    t→ 14:00:00 = time(14, minute0)70    print(f"  {t14:00:00}")
    output  14:00:00
    All 4 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passminutet
    1014:00:00
    21514:15:00
    33014:30:00
    44514:45:00

  1. time1 ← 18:45:00, time2 ← 14:30:45, time3 ← 14:30:45.123456, morning ← 09:00:00

    6# Create with hour and minute7time1→ 18:45:00 = time(18, 45)8print(f"Time 1 (HH:MM): {time118:45:00}")910# Create with hour, minute, second11time2→ 14:30:45 = time(14, 30, 45)12print(f"Time 2 (HH:MM:SS): {time214:30:45}")1314# Create with hour, minute, second, microsecond15time3→ 14:30:45.123456 = time(14, 30, 45, 123456)16print(f"Time 3 (with micros): {time314:30:45.123456}")1718# Common times19morning→ 09:00:00 = time(9, 0)20lunch_time→ 12:30:00 = time(12, 30)21evening→ 18:00:00 = time(18, 0)2223print("\nCommon times:")24print(f"Morning: {morning09:00:00}")25print(f"Lunch: {lunch_time12:30:00}")26print(f"Evening: {evening18:00:00}")2728# Midnight29midnight→ 00:00:00 = time(0, 0, 0)30# or31midnight2→ 00:00:00 = time.min00:00:0032print(f"\nMidnight: {midnight00:00:00}")33print(f"Midnight (min): {midnight200:00:00}")3435# Almost midnight36almost_midnight→ 23:59:59.999999 = time(23, 59, 59, 999999)37# or38almost_midnight2→ 23:59:59.999999 = time.max23:59:59.99999939print(f"Almost midnight: {almost_midnight23:59:59.999999}")40print(f"Almost midnight (max): {almost_midnight223:59:59.999999}")4142# Modify components43modified→ 16:45:00 = time118:45:00.replace(hour=16, minute=45)44print(f"\nModified: {modified16:45:00}")4546# Only change hour47next_hour→ 19:45:00 = time118:45:00.replace(hour=time1.hour18 + 1)48print(f"Next hour: {next_hour19:45:00}")4950# Min and max51min_time→ 00:00:00 = time.min00:00:0052max_time→ 23:59:59.999999 = time.max23:59:59.99999953print(f"\nMin: {min_time00:00:00}")54print(f"Max: {max_time23:59:59.999999}")5556# Noon57noon→ 12:00:00 = time(12, 0)58print(f"Noon: {noon12:00:00}")5960# Generate hourly times61print("\nHourly times (9-17):")62for hour in range(9, 18):
    outputTime 1 (HH:MM): 18:45:00
Time 2 (HH:MM:SS): 14:30:45
Time 3 (with micros): 14:30:45.123456

Common times:
Morning: 09:00:00
Lunch: 12:30:00
Evening: 18:00:00

Midnight: 00:00:00
Midnight (min): 00:00:00
Almost midnight: 23:59:59.999999
Almost midnight (max): 23:59:59.999999

Modified: 16:45:00
Next hour: 19:45:00

Min: 00:00:00
Max: 23:59:59.999999
Noon: 12:00:00

Hourly times (9-17):

  2. t ← 09:00:00

    pass 1 of 9
    61print("\nHourly times (9-17):")62for hour9 in range(9, 18):63    t→ 09:00:00 = time(hour9, 0)64    print(f"  {t09:00:00}")
    output  09:00:00
    All 9 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passhourt
    1909:00:00
    21010:00:00
    31111:00:00
    41212:00:00
    51313:00:00
    61414:00:00
    71515:00:00
    81616:00:00
    91717:00:00

  3. print(" Quarter hours:")

    66# Quarter hours67print("\nQuarter hours:")68for minute in [0, 15, 30, 45]:
    output
Quarter hours:

  4. t ← 14:00:00

    pass 1 of 4
    67print("\nQuarter hours:")68for minute0 in [0, 15, 30, 45]:69    t→ 14:00:00 = time(14, minute0)70    print(f"  {t14:00:00}")
    output  14:00:00
    All 4 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passminutet
    1014:00:00
    21514:15:00
    33014:30:00
    44514:45:00
time_creation Creating time objects with specific hour, minute, second, and microsecond values

Getting Current Time

current.py
Replay: real traced execution (multi-file project)
# Current time

from datetime import datetime, time

# Get current time
# Current time (from datetime)
now = datetime.now().time().replace(hour=14, minute=30, second=45, microsecond=123456)
print(f"Now: {now}")

# Time components
hour = now.hour
minute = now.minute
second = now.second
microsecond = now.microsecond

print("\nTime components:")
print(f"Hour: {hour}")
print(f"Minute: {minute}")
print(f"Second: {second}")
print(f"Microsecond: {microsecond}")

# Formatted output
print(f"\nFormatted: {hour:02d}:{minute:02d}:{second:02d}")

# 12-hour format
hour12 = hour % 12
if hour12 == 0:
    hour12 = 12
am_pm = "AM" if hour < 12 else "PM"
print(f"12-hour: {hour12:02d}:{minute:02d} {am_pm}")

# Truncated times
to_minute = now.replace(second=0, microsecond=0)
print(f"\nTruncated to minute: {to_minute}")

to_second = now.replace(microsecond=0)
print(f"Truncated to second: {to_second}")

# Special times
midnight = time.min  # 00:00:00
almost_midnight = time.max  # 23:59:59.999999

print("\nSpecial times:")
print(f"Midnight (min): {midnight}")
print(f"Almost midnight (max): {almost_midnight}")

# ISO format
iso = now.isoformat()
print(f"\nISO format: {iso}")

# With milliseconds
millis = now.microsecond // 1000
print(f"Milliseconds: {millis}")

# String representation
print(f"\nString repr: {repr(now)}")
print(f"String str: {str(now)}")

  1. now ← 14:30:45.123456, hour ← 14, minute ← 30, second ← 45, microsecond ← 123456

    6# Current time (from datetime)7now→ 14:30:45.123456 = datetime<class 'datetime.datetime'>.now().time().replace(hour=14, minute=30, second=45, microsecond=123456)8print(f"Now: {now14:30:45.123456}")910# Time components11hour→ 14 = now.hour1412minute→ 30 = now.minute3013second→ 45 = now.second4514microsecond→ 123456 = now.microsecond1234561516print("\nTime components:")17print(f"Hour: {hour14}")18print(f"Minute: {minute30}")19print(f"Second: {second45}")20print(f"Microsecond: {microsecond123456}")2122# Formatted output23print(f"\nFormatted: {hour14:02d}:{minute30:02d}:{second45:02d}")2425# 12-hour format26hour12→ 2 = hour14 % 1227if hour12 == 0:28    hour12 = 1229am_pm→ PM = "AM" if hour14 < 12 else "PM"30print(f"12-hour: {hour122:02d}:{minute30:02d} {am_pmPM}")3132# Truncated times33to_minute→ 14:30:00 = now14:30:45.123456.replace(second=0, microsecond=0)34print(f"\nTruncated to minute: {to_minute14:30:00}")3536to_second→ 14:30:45 = now14:30:45.123456.replace(microsecond=0)37print(f"Truncated to second: {to_second14:30:45}")3839# Special times40midnight→ 00:00:00 = time.min00:00:00  # 00:00:0041almost_midnight→ 23:59:59.999999 = time.max23:59:59.999999  # 23:59:59.9999994243print("\nSpecial times:")44print(f"Midnight (min): {midnight00:00:00}")45print(f"Almost midnight (max): {almost_midnight23:59:59.999999}")4647# ISO format48iso→ 14:30:45.123456 = now14:30:45.123456.isoformat()49print(f"\nISO format: {iso14:30:45.123456}")5051# With milliseconds52millis→ 123 = now.microsecond123456 // 100053print(f"Milliseconds: {millis123}")5455# String representation56print(f"\nString repr: {repr(now14:30:45.123456)}")57print(f"String str: {str(now14:30:45.123456)}")
    outputNow: 14:30:45.123456

Time components:
Hour: 14
Minute: 30
Second: 45
Microsecond: 123456

Formatted: 14:30:45
12-hour: 02:30 PM

Truncated to minute: 14:30:00
Truncated to second: 14:30:45

Special times:
Midnight (min): 00:00:00
Almost midnight (max): 23:59:59.999999

ISO format: 14:30:45.123456
Milliseconds: 123

String repr: datetime.time(14, 30, 45, 123456)
String str: 14:30:45.123456
current_time Getting current time from datetime.now()

Time Components

components.py
Replay: real traced execution (multi-file project)
# Time components

from datetime import time

# Extract time components
t = time(14, 30, 45, 123456)

print(f"Time: {t}")
print()

# Hour, minute, second
print(f"Hour: {t.hour}")
print(f"Minute: {t.minute}")
print(f"Second: {t.second}")
print(f"Microsecond: {t.microsecond}")

# Tzinfo (timezone info, if any)
print(f"Timezone: {t.tzinfo}")

# Calculate milliseconds
millis = t.microsecond // 1000
print(f"\nMilliseconds: {millis}")

# 12-hour format components
hour24 = t.hour
hour12 = hour24 % 12
if hour12 == 0:
    hour12 = 12
am_pm = "AM" if hour24 < 12 else "PM"

print(f"\n12-hour format:")
print(f"Hour (12): {hour12}")
print(f"AM/PM: {am_pm}")
print(f"Time: {hour12}:{t.minute:02d} {am_pm}")

# Truncate precision
to_minute = t.replace(second=0, microsecond=0)
to_second = t.replace(microsecond=0)

print(f"\nTruncated:")
print(f"Original: {t}")
print(f"To minute: {to_minute}")
print(f"To second: {to_second}")

# ISO format
iso = t.isoformat()
print(f"\nISO format: {iso}")

# String formatting
print(f"\nFormatted:")
print(f"  HH:MM:SS - {t.hour:02d}:{t.minute:02d}:{t.second:02d}")
print(f"  HH:MM - {t.hour:02d}:{t.minute:02d}")

# Time period
print(f"\nTime period:")
if t.hour < 12:
    print("Morning")
elif t.hour < 17:
    print("Afternoon")
elif t.hour < 21:
    print("Evening")
else:
    print("Night")

# Display various times
print("\nVarious times of day:")
times = [
    time(6, 0),
    time(12, 0),
    time(18, 0),
    time(23, 59)
]

for time_obj in times:
    print(f"{time_obj} - {time_obj.hour}h {time_obj.minute}m")

# Resolution
resolution = time.resolution
print(f"\nTime resolution: {resolution}")

  1. t ← 14:30:45.123456, millis ← 123, hour24 ← 14, hour12 ← 2, am_pm ← PM

    5# Extract time components6t→ 14:30:45.123456 = time(14, 30, 45, 123456)78print(f"Time: {t14:30:45.123456}")9print()1011# Hour, minute, second12print(f"Hour: {t.hour14}")13print(f"Minute: {t.minute30}")14print(f"Second: {t.second45}")15print(f"Microsecond: {t.microsecond123456}")1617# Tzinfo (timezone info, if any)18print(f"Timezone: {t.tzinfoNone}")1920# Calculate milliseconds21millis→ 123 = t.microsecond123456 // 100022print(f"\nMilliseconds: {millis123}")2324# 12-hour format components25hour24→ 14 = t.hour1426hour12→ 2 = hour2414 % 1227if hour12 == 0:28    hour12 = 1229am_pm→ PM = "AM" if hour2414 < 12 else "PM"3031print(f"\n12-hour format:")32print(f"Hour (12): {hour122}")33print(f"AM/PM: {am_pmPM}")34print(f"Time: {hour122}:{t.minute30:02d} {am_pmPM}")3536# Truncate precision37to_minute→ 14:30:00 = t14:30:45.123456.replace(second=0, microsecond=0)38to_second→ 14:30:45 = t14:30:45.123456.replace(microsecond=0)3940print(f"\nTruncated:")41print(f"Original: {t14:30:45.123456}")42print(f"To minute: {to_minute14:30:00}")43print(f"To second: {to_second14:30:45}")4445# ISO format46iso→ 14:30:45.123456 = t14:30:45.123456.isoformat()47print(f"\nISO format: {iso14:30:45.123456}")4849# String formatting50print(f"\nFormatted:")51print(f"  HH:MM:SS - {t.hour14:02d}:{t.minute30:02d}:{t.second45:02d}")52print(f"  HH:MM - {t.hour14:02d}:{t.minute30:02d}")5354# Time period55print(f"\nTime period:")56if t.hour < 12:
    outputTime: 14:30:45.123456
Hour: 14
Minute: 30
Second: 45
Microsecond: 123456
Timezone: None

Milliseconds: 123

12-hour format:
Hour (12): 2
AM/PM: PM
Time: 2:30 PM

Truncated:
Original: 14:30:45.123456
To minute: 14:30:00
To second: 14:30:45

ISO format: 14:30:45.123456

Formatted:
  HH:MM:SS - 14:30:45
  HH:MM - 14:30

Time period:

  2. elif t.hour < 17:

    57    print("Morning")58elif t.hour14 < 17:59    print("Afternoon")60elif t.hour < 21:
    outputAfternoon

  3. times ← [datetime.time(6, 0), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0), datetime.time(23, 59)]

    65# Display various times66print("\nVarious times of day:")67times→ [datetime.time(6, 0), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0), datetime.time(23, 59)] = [68    time(6, 0),69    time(12, 0),70    time(18, 0),71    time(23, 59)72]
    output
Various times of day:

  4. for time_obj in times:

    pass 1 of 4
    74for time_obj06:00:00 in times[datetime.time(6, 0), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0), datetime.time(23, 59)]:75    print(f"{time_obj06:00:00} - {time_obj.hour6}h {time_obj.minute0}m")
    output06:00:00 - 6h 0m
    All 4 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passtime_objtime_obj.hourtime_obj.minute
    106:00:0060
    212:00:00120
    318:00:00180
    423:59:002359

  5. resolution ← 0:00:00.000001

    77# Resolution78resolution→ 0:00:00.000001 = time.resolution0:00:00.00000179print(f"\nTime resolution: {resolution0:00:00.000001}")
    output
Time resolution: 0:00:00.000001
time_components Accessing hour, minute, second, microsecond, and converting to 12-hour format

Comparing Times

check
compare.py
Replay: real traced execution (multi-file project)
# Compare times

from datetime import time

# Compare times
time1 = time(9, 30)
time2 = time(14, 45)
time3 = time(9, 30)

print(f"Time 1: {time1}")
print(f"Time 2: {time2}")
print(f"Time 3: {time3}")
print()

# Comparison operators
print(f"time1 < time2: {time1 < time2}")
print(f"time1 > time2: {time1 > time2}")
print(f"time1 <= time2: {time1 <= time2}")
print(f"time1 >= time2: {time1 >= time2}")

# Equality
print(f"\ntime1 == time2: {time1 == time2}")
print(f"time1 == time3: {time1 == time3}")
print(f"time1 != time2: {time1 != time2}")

# Find min/max
times_list = [time1, time2, time3]
earliest = min(times_list)
latest = max(times_list)

print(f"\nEarliest: {earliest}")
print(f"Latest: {latest}")

# Check if in time range
check = time(12, 0)
start = time(9, 0)
end = time(17, 0)

in_range = start <= check <= end
print(f"\n{check} in range [{start}, {end}]: {in_range}")

# Sort times
unsorted = [
    time(15, 30),
    time(9, 0),
    time(12, 15)
]

print("\nBefore sort:")
for t in unsorted:
    print(f"  {t}")

sorted_times = sorted(unsorted)

print("After sort:")
for t in sorted_times:
    print(f"  {t}")

# Business hours check
business_start = time(9, 0)
business_end = time(17, 0)

print("\nBusiness hours check:")
test_times = [
    time(8, 30),
    time(12, 0),
    time(18, 0)
]

for t in test_times:
    is_during_business = business_start <= t < business_end
    print(f"{t} during business: {is_during_business}")

# Midnight crossing
late = time(23, 0)
early = time(1, 0)
print(f"\n23:00 < 01:00: {late < early}")  # True (earlier in day)

# Special time comparisons
print("\nSpecial comparisons:")
print(f"Midnight: {time.min}")
print(f"Almost midnight: {time.max}")
print(f"Noon: {time(12, 0)}")

noon = time(12, 0)
print(f"10:00 < noon: {time(10, 0) < noon}")
print(f"14:00 > noon: {time(14, 0) > noon}")

# Filter times
all_times = [
    time(8, 0),
    time(10, 0),
    time(14, 0),
    time(18, 0)
]

morning_times = [t for t in all_times if t < time(12, 0)]
afternoon_times = [t for t in all_times if t >= time(12, 0)]

print(f"\nMorning times: {morning_times}")
print(f"Afternoon times: {afternoon_times}")


# Compare times

from datetime import time

# Compare times
time1 = time(9, 30)
time2 = time(14, 45)
time3 = time(9, 30)

print(f"Time 1: {time1}")
print(f"Time 2: {time2}")
print(f"Time 3: {time3}")
print()

# Comparison operators
print(f"time1 < time2: {time1 < time2}")
print(f"time1 > time2: {time1 > time2}")
print(f"time1 <= time2: {time1 <= time2}")
print(f"time1 >= time2: {time1 >= time2}")

# Equality
print(f"\ntime1 == time2: {time1 == time2}")
print(f"time1 == time3: {time1 == time3}")
print(f"time1 != time2: {time1 != time2}")

# Find min/max
times_list = [time1, time2, time3]
earliest = min(times_list)
latest = max(times_list)

print(f"\nEarliest: {earliest}")
print(f"Latest: {latest}")

# Check if in time range
check = time(8, 30)
start = time(9, 0)
end = time(17, 0)

in_range = start <= check <= end
print(f"\n{check} in range [{start}, {end}]: {in_range}")

# Sort times
unsorted = [
    time(15, 30),
    time(9, 0),
    time(12, 15)
]

print("\nBefore sort:")
for t in unsorted:
    print(f"  {t}")

sorted_times = sorted(unsorted)

print("After sort:")
for t in sorted_times:
    print(f"  {t}")

# Business hours check
business_start = time(9, 0)
business_end = time(17, 0)

print("\nBusiness hours check:")
test_times = [
    time(8, 30),
    time(12, 0),
    time(18, 0)
]

for t in test_times:
    is_during_business = business_start <= t < business_end
    print(f"{t} during business: {is_during_business}")

# Midnight crossing
late = time(23, 0)
early = time(1, 0)
print(f"\n23:00 < 01:00: {late < early}")  # True (earlier in day)

# Special time comparisons
print("\nSpecial comparisons:")
print(f"Midnight: {time.min}")
print(f"Almost midnight: {time.max}")
print(f"Noon: {time(12, 0)}")

noon = time(12, 0)
print(f"10:00 < noon: {time(10, 0) < noon}")
print(f"14:00 > noon: {time(14, 0) > noon}")

# Filter times
all_times = [
    time(8, 0),
    time(10, 0),
    time(14, 0),
    time(18, 0)
]

morning_times = [t for t in all_times if t < time(12, 0)]
afternoon_times = [t for t in all_times if t >= time(12, 0)]

print(f"\nMorning times: {morning_times}")
print(f"Afternoon times: {afternoon_times}")


# Compare times

from datetime import time

# Compare times
time1 = time(9, 30)
time2 = time(14, 45)
time3 = time(9, 30)

print(f"Time 1: {time1}")
print(f"Time 2: {time2}")
print(f"Time 3: {time3}")
print()

# Comparison operators
print(f"time1 < time2: {time1 < time2}")
print(f"time1 > time2: {time1 > time2}")
print(f"time1 <= time2: {time1 <= time2}")
print(f"time1 >= time2: {time1 >= time2}")

# Equality
print(f"\ntime1 == time2: {time1 == time2}")
print(f"time1 == time3: {time1 == time3}")
print(f"time1 != time2: {time1 != time2}")

# Find min/max
times_list = [time1, time2, time3]
earliest = min(times_list)
latest = max(times_list)

print(f"\nEarliest: {earliest}")
print(f"Latest: {latest}")

# Check if in time range
check = time(16, 15)
start = time(9, 0)
end = time(17, 0)

in_range = start <= check <= end
print(f"\n{check} in range [{start}, {end}]: {in_range}")

# Sort times
unsorted = [
    time(15, 30),
    time(9, 0),
    time(12, 15)
]

print("\nBefore sort:")
for t in unsorted:
    print(f"  {t}")

sorted_times = sorted(unsorted)

print("After sort:")
for t in sorted_times:
    print(f"  {t}")

# Business hours check
business_start = time(9, 0)
business_end = time(17, 0)

print("\nBusiness hours check:")
test_times = [
    time(8, 30),
    time(12, 0),
    time(18, 0)
]

for t in test_times:
    is_during_business = business_start <= t < business_end
    print(f"{t} during business: {is_during_business}")

# Midnight crossing
late = time(23, 0)
early = time(1, 0)
print(f"\n23:00 < 01:00: {late < early}")  # True (earlier in day)

# Special time comparisons
print("\nSpecial comparisons:")
print(f"Midnight: {time.min}")
print(f"Almost midnight: {time.max}")
print(f"Noon: {time(12, 0)}")

noon = time(12, 0)
print(f"10:00 < noon: {time(10, 0) < noon}")
print(f"14:00 > noon: {time(14, 0) > noon}")

# Filter times
all_times = [
    time(8, 0),
    time(10, 0),
    time(14, 0),
    time(18, 0)
]

morning_times = [t for t in all_times if t < time(12, 0)]
afternoon_times = [t for t in all_times if t >= time(12, 0)]

print(f"\nMorning times: {morning_times}")
print(f"Afternoon times: {afternoon_times}")

  1. time1 ← 09:30:00, time2 ← 14:45:00, time3 ← 09:30:00, times_list ← [datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)]

    5# Compare times6time1→ 09:30:00 = time(9, 30)7time2→ 14:45:00 = time(14, 45)8time3→ 09:30:00 = time(9, 30)910print(f"Time 1: {time109:30:00}")11print(f"Time 2: {time214:45:00}")12print(f"Time 3: {time309:30:00}")13print()1415# Comparison operators16print(f"time1 < time2: {time109:30:00 < time214:45:00}")17print(f"time1 > time2: {time109:30:00 > time214:45:00}")18print(f"time1 <= time2: {time109:30:00 <= time214:45:00}")19print(f"time1 >= time2: {time109:30:00 >= time214:45:00}")2021# Equality22print(f"\ntime1 == time2: {time109:30:00 == time214:45:00}")23print(f"time1 == time3: {time109:30:00 == time309:30:00}")24print(f"time1 != time2: {time109:30:00 != time214:45:00}")2526# Find min/max27times_list→ [datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)] = [time109:30:00, time214:45:00, time309:30:00]28earliest→ 09:30:00 = min(times_list[datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)])29latest→ 14:45:00 = max(times_list[datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)])3031print(f"\nEarliest: {earliest09:30:00}")32print(f"Latest: {latest14:45:00}")3334# Check if in time range35check→ 12:00:00 = time(12, 0)  #@check=time(8, 30), time(16, 15)36start→ 09:00:00 = time(9, 0)37end→ 17:00:00 = time(17, 0)3839in_range→ True = start09:00:00 <= check12:00:00 <= end17:00:0040print(f"\n{check12:00:00} in range [{start09:00:00}, {end17:00:00}]: {in_rangeTrue}")4142# Sort times43unsorted→ [datetime.time(15, 30), datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15)] = [44    time(15, 30),45    time(9, 0),46    time(12, 15)47]4849print("\nBefore sort:")50for t in unsorted:
    outputTime 1: 09:30:00
Time 2: 14:45:00
Time 3: 09:30:00
time1 < time2: True
time1 > time2: False
time1 <= time2: True
time1 >= time2: False

time1 == time2: False
time1 == time3: True
time1 != time2: True

Earliest: 09:30:00
Latest: 14:45:00

12:00:00 in range [09:00:00, 17:00:00]: True

Before sort:

  2. for t in unsorted:

    pass 1 of 3
    49print("\nBefore sort:")50for t15:30:00 in unsorted[datetime.time(15, 30), datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15)]:51    print(f"  {t15:30:00}")
    output  15:30:00
    All 3 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passt
    115:30:00
    209:00:00
    312:15:00

  3. sorted_times ← [datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15), datetime.time(15, 30)]

    53sorted_times→ [datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15), datetime.time(15, 30)] = sorted(unsorted[datetime.time(15, 30), datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15)])5455print("After sort:")56for t in sorted_times:
    outputAfter sort:

  4. for t in sorted_times:

    pass 1 of 3
    55print("After sort:")56for t09:00:00 in sorted_times[datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15), datetime.time(15, 30)]:57    print(f"  {t09:00:00}")
    output  09:00:00
    All 3 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passt
    109:00:00
    212:15:00
    315:30:00

  5. business_start ← 09:00:00, business_end ← 17:00:00, test_times ← [datetime.time(8, 30), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]

    59# Business hours check60business_start→ 09:00:00 = time(9, 0)61business_end→ 17:00:00 = time(17, 0)6263print("\nBusiness hours check:")64test_times→ [datetime.time(8, 30), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] = [65    time(8, 30),66    time(12, 0),67    time(18, 0)68]
    output
Business hours check:

  6. is_during_business ← False

    pass 1 of 3
    70for t08:30:00 in test_times[datetime.time(8, 30), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]:71    is_during_business→ False = business_start09:00:00 <= t08:30:00 < business_end17:00:0072    print(f"{t08:30:00} during business: {is_during_businessFalse}")
    output08:30:00 during business: False
    All 3 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passtis_during_business
    108:30:00False
    212:00:00True
    318:00:00False

  7. late ← 23:00:00, early ← 01:00:00, noon ← 12:00:00, all_times ← [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]

    74# Midnight crossing75late→ 23:00:00 = time(23, 0)76early→ 01:00:00 = time(1, 0)77print(f"\n23:00 < 01:00: {late23:00:00 < early01:00:00}")  # True (earlier in day)7879# Special time comparisons80print("\nSpecial comparisons:")81print(f"Midnight: {time.min00:00:00}")82print(f"Almost midnight: {time.max23:59:59.999999}")83print(f"Noon: {time(12, 0)}")8485noon→ 12:00:00 = time(12, 0)86print(f"10:00 < noon: {time(10, 0) < noon12:00:00}")87print(f"14:00 > noon: {time(14, 0) > noon12:00:00}")8889# Filter times90all_times→ [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] = [91    time(8, 0),92    time(10, 0),93    time(14, 0),94    time(18, 0)95]9697morning_times→ [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0)] = [t for t in all_times[datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] if t < time(12, 0)]98afternoon_times→ [datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] = [t for t in all_times[datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] if t >= time(12, 0)]99100print(f"\nMorning times: {morning_times[datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0)]}")101print(f"Afternoon times: {afternoon_times[datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]}")
    output
23:00 < 01:00: False

Special comparisons:
Midnight: 00:00:00
Almost midnight: 23:59:59.999999
Noon: 12:00:00
10:00 < noon: True
14:00 > noon: True

Morning times: [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0)]
Afternoon times: [datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]

  1. time1 ← 09:30:00, time2 ← 14:45:00, time3 ← 09:30:00, times_list ← [datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)]

    5# Compare times6time1→ 09:30:00 = time(9, 30)7time2→ 14:45:00 = time(14, 45)8time3→ 09:30:00 = time(9, 30)910print(f"Time 1: {time109:30:00}")11print(f"Time 2: {time214:45:00}")12print(f"Time 3: {time309:30:00}")13print()1415# Comparison operators16print(f"time1 < time2: {time109:30:00 < time214:45:00}")17print(f"time1 > time2: {time109:30:00 > time214:45:00}")18print(f"time1 <= time2: {time109:30:00 <= time214:45:00}")19print(f"time1 >= time2: {time109:30:00 >= time214:45:00}")2021# Equality22print(f"\ntime1 == time2: {time109:30:00 == time214:45:00}")23print(f"time1 == time3: {time109:30:00 == time309:30:00}")24print(f"time1 != time2: {time109:30:00 != time214:45:00}")2526# Find min/max27times_list→ [datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)] = [time109:30:00, time214:45:00, time309:30:00]28earliest→ 09:30:00 = min(times_list[datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)])29latest→ 14:45:00 = max(times_list[datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)])3031print(f"\nEarliest: {earliest09:30:00}")32print(f"Latest: {latest14:45:00}")3334# Check if in time range35check→ 08:30:00 = time(8, 30)36start→ 09:00:00 = time(9, 0)37end→ 17:00:00 = time(17, 0)3839in_range→ False = start09:00:00 <= check08:30:00 <= end17:00:0040print(f"\n{check08:30:00} in range [{start09:00:00}, {end17:00:00}]: {in_rangeFalse}")4142# Sort times43unsorted→ [datetime.time(15, 30), datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15)] = [44    time(15, 30),45    time(9, 0),46    time(12, 15)47]4849print("\nBefore sort:")50for t in unsorted:
    outputTime 1: 09:30:00
Time 2: 14:45:00
Time 3: 09:30:00
time1 < time2: True
time1 > time2: False
time1 <= time2: True
time1 >= time2: False

time1 == time2: False
time1 == time3: True
time1 != time2: True

Earliest: 09:30:00
Latest: 14:45:00

08:30:00 in range [09:00:00, 17:00:00]: False

Before sort:

  2. for t in unsorted:

    pass 1 of 3
    49print("\nBefore sort:")50for t15:30:00 in unsorted[datetime.time(15, 30), datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15)]:51    print(f"  {t15:30:00}")
    output  15:30:00
    All 3 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passt
    115:30:00
    209:00:00
    312:15:00

  3. sorted_times ← [datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15), datetime.time(15, 30)]

    53sorted_times→ [datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15), datetime.time(15, 30)] = sorted(unsorted[datetime.time(15, 30), datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15)])5455print("After sort:")56for t in sorted_times:
    outputAfter sort:

  4. for t in sorted_times:

    pass 1 of 3
    55print("After sort:")56for t09:00:00 in sorted_times[datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15), datetime.time(15, 30)]:57    print(f"  {t09:00:00}")
    output  09:00:00
    All 3 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passt
    109:00:00
    212:15:00
    315:30:00

  5. business_start ← 09:00:00, business_end ← 17:00:00, test_times ← [datetime.time(8, 30), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]

    59# Business hours check60business_start→ 09:00:00 = time(9, 0)61business_end→ 17:00:00 = time(17, 0)6263print("\nBusiness hours check:")64test_times→ [datetime.time(8, 30), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] = [65    time(8, 30),66    time(12, 0),67    time(18, 0)68]
    output
Business hours check:

  6. is_during_business ← False

    pass 1 of 3
    70for t08:30:00 in test_times[datetime.time(8, 30), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]:71    is_during_business→ False = business_start09:00:00 <= t08:30:00 < business_end17:00:0072    print(f"{t08:30:00} during business: {is_during_businessFalse}")
    output08:30:00 during business: False
    All 3 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passtis_during_business
    108:30:00False
    212:00:00True
    318:00:00False

  7. late ← 23:00:00, early ← 01:00:00, noon ← 12:00:00, all_times ← [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]

    74# Midnight crossing75late→ 23:00:00 = time(23, 0)76early→ 01:00:00 = time(1, 0)77print(f"\n23:00 < 01:00: {late23:00:00 < early01:00:00}")  # True (earlier in day)7879# Special time comparisons80print("\nSpecial comparisons:")81print(f"Midnight: {time.min00:00:00}")82print(f"Almost midnight: {time.max23:59:59.999999}")83print(f"Noon: {time(12, 0)}")8485noon→ 12:00:00 = time(12, 0)86print(f"10:00 < noon: {time(10, 0) < noon12:00:00}")87print(f"14:00 > noon: {time(14, 0) > noon12:00:00}")8889# Filter times90all_times→ [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] = [91    time(8, 0),92    time(10, 0),93    time(14, 0),94    time(18, 0)95]9697morning_times→ [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0)] = [t for t in all_times[datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] if t < time(12, 0)]98afternoon_times→ [datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] = [t for t in all_times[datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] if t >= time(12, 0)]99100print(f"\nMorning times: {morning_times[datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0)]}")101print(f"Afternoon times: {afternoon_times[datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]}")
    output
23:00 < 01:00: False

Special comparisons:
Midnight: 00:00:00
Almost midnight: 23:59:59.999999
Noon: 12:00:00
10:00 < noon: True
14:00 > noon: True

Morning times: [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0)]
Afternoon times: [datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]

  1. time1 ← 09:30:00, time2 ← 14:45:00, time3 ← 09:30:00, times_list ← [datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)]

    5# Compare times6time1→ 09:30:00 = time(9, 30)7time2→ 14:45:00 = time(14, 45)8time3→ 09:30:00 = time(9, 30)910print(f"Time 1: {time109:30:00}")11print(f"Time 2: {time214:45:00}")12print(f"Time 3: {time309:30:00}")13print()1415# Comparison operators16print(f"time1 < time2: {time109:30:00 < time214:45:00}")17print(f"time1 > time2: {time109:30:00 > time214:45:00}")18print(f"time1 <= time2: {time109:30:00 <= time214:45:00}")19print(f"time1 >= time2: {time109:30:00 >= time214:45:00}")2021# Equality22print(f"\ntime1 == time2: {time109:30:00 == time214:45:00}")23print(f"time1 == time3: {time109:30:00 == time309:30:00}")24print(f"time1 != time2: {time109:30:00 != time214:45:00}")2526# Find min/max27times_list→ [datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)] = [time109:30:00, time214:45:00, time309:30:00]28earliest→ 09:30:00 = min(times_list[datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)])29latest→ 14:45:00 = max(times_list[datetime.time(9, 30), datetime.time(14, 45), datetime.time(9, 30)])3031print(f"\nEarliest: {earliest09:30:00}")32print(f"Latest: {latest14:45:00}")3334# Check if in time range35check→ 16:15:00 = time(16, 15)36start→ 09:00:00 = time(9, 0)37end→ 17:00:00 = time(17, 0)3839in_range→ True = start09:00:00 <= check16:15:00 <= end17:00:0040print(f"\n{check16:15:00} in range [{start09:00:00}, {end17:00:00}]: {in_rangeTrue}")4142# Sort times43unsorted→ [datetime.time(15, 30), datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15)] = [44    time(15, 30),45    time(9, 0),46    time(12, 15)47]4849print("\nBefore sort:")50for t in unsorted:
    outputTime 1: 09:30:00
Time 2: 14:45:00
Time 3: 09:30:00
time1 < time2: True
time1 > time2: False
time1 <= time2: True
time1 >= time2: False

time1 == time2: False
time1 == time3: True
time1 != time2: True

Earliest: 09:30:00
Latest: 14:45:00

16:15:00 in range [09:00:00, 17:00:00]: True

Before sort:

  2. for t in unsorted:

    pass 1 of 3
    49print("\nBefore sort:")50for t15:30:00 in unsorted[datetime.time(15, 30), datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15)]:51    print(f"  {t15:30:00}")
    output  15:30:00
    All 3 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passt
    115:30:00
    209:00:00
    312:15:00

  3. sorted_times ← [datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15), datetime.time(15, 30)]

    53sorted_times→ [datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15), datetime.time(15, 30)] = sorted(unsorted[datetime.time(15, 30), datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15)])5455print("After sort:")56for t in sorted_times:
    outputAfter sort:

  4. for t in sorted_times:

    pass 1 of 3
    55print("After sort:")56for t09:00:00 in sorted_times[datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(12, 15), datetime.time(15, 30)]:57    print(f"  {t09:00:00}")
    output  09:00:00
    All 3 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passt
    109:00:00
    212:15:00
    315:30:00

  5. business_start ← 09:00:00, business_end ← 17:00:00, test_times ← [datetime.time(8, 30), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]

    59# Business hours check60business_start→ 09:00:00 = time(9, 0)61business_end→ 17:00:00 = time(17, 0)6263print("\nBusiness hours check:")64test_times→ [datetime.time(8, 30), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] = [65    time(8, 30),66    time(12, 0),67    time(18, 0)68]
    output
Business hours check:

  6. is_during_business ← False

    pass 1 of 3
    70for t08:30:00 in test_times[datetime.time(8, 30), datetime.time(12, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]:71    is_during_business→ False = business_start09:00:00 <= t08:30:00 < business_end17:00:0072    print(f"{t08:30:00} during business: {is_during_businessFalse}")
    output08:30:00 during business: False
    All 3 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passtis_during_business
    108:30:00False
    212:00:00True
    318:00:00False

  7. late ← 23:00:00, early ← 01:00:00, noon ← 12:00:00, all_times ← [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]

    74# Midnight crossing75late→ 23:00:00 = time(23, 0)76early→ 01:00:00 = time(1, 0)77print(f"\n23:00 < 01:00: {late23:00:00 < early01:00:00}")  # True (earlier in day)7879# Special time comparisons80print("\nSpecial comparisons:")81print(f"Midnight: {time.min00:00:00}")82print(f"Almost midnight: {time.max23:59:59.999999}")83print(f"Noon: {time(12, 0)}")8485noon→ 12:00:00 = time(12, 0)86print(f"10:00 < noon: {time(10, 0) < noon12:00:00}")87print(f"14:00 > noon: {time(14, 0) > noon12:00:00}")8889# Filter times90all_times→ [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] = [91    time(8, 0),92    time(10, 0),93    time(14, 0),94    time(18, 0)95]9697morning_times→ [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0)] = [t for t in all_times[datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] if t < time(12, 0)]98afternoon_times→ [datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] = [t for t in all_times[datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)] if t >= time(12, 0)]99100print(f"\nMorning times: {morning_times[datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0)]}")101print(f"Afternoon times: {afternoon_times[datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]}")
    output
23:00 < 01:00: False

Special comparisons:
Midnight: 00:00:00
Almost midnight: 23:59:59.999999
Noon: 12:00:00
10:00 < noon: True
14:00 > noon: True

Morning times: [datetime.time(8, 0), datetime.time(10, 0)]
Afternoon times: [datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(18, 0)]
time_comparison Comparing times and checking time ranges

Combining with Dates

combine.py
Replay: real traced execution (multi-file project)
# Combine date and time

from datetime import date, time, datetime

# Combine date and time
d = date(2025, 1, 29)
t = time(14, 30, 0)

# Combine using datetime
dt1 = datetime.combine(d, t)
print(f"Date + Time: {dt1}")

# Shorthand: create datetime directly
dt2 = datetime(2025, 1, 29, 14, 30, 0)
print(f"Direct datetime: {dt2}")

# Today at specific time
today_at_9 = datetime.combine(date(2025, 1, 29), time(9, 0))
print(f"\nToday at 9:00: {today_at_9}")

# Start and end of day
start_of_day = datetime.combine(d, time.min)
end_of_day = datetime.combine(d, time.max)

print(f"\nStart of day: {start_of_day}")
print(f"End of day: {end_of_day}")

# Extract date and time from datetime
now = datetime(2025, 1, 29, 14, 30, 45)
extracted_date = now.date()
extracted_time = now.time()

print(f"\nNow: {now}")
print(f"Extracted date: {extracted_date}")
print(f"Extracted time: {extracted_time}")

# Common datetime patterns
print("\nCommon datetimes:")

# Today at specific time
today = date(2025, 1, 29)
today_at_noon = datetime.combine(today, time(12, 0))
print(f"Today at noon: {today_at_noon}")

# Tomorrow at specific time
from datetime import timedelta
tomorrow = today + timedelta(days=1)
tomorrow_at_9 = datetime.combine(tomorrow, time(9, 0))
print(f"Tomorrow at 9:00: {tomorrow_at_9}")

# Next Monday at 9 AM
days_until_monday = (7 - today.weekday()) % 7
if days_until_monday == 0:
    days_until_monday = 7
next_monday = today + timedelta(days=days_until_monday)
next_monday_9am = datetime.combine(next_monday, time(9, 0))
print(f"Next Monday 9 AM: {next_monday_9am}")

# Schedule times
print("\nScheduled times for tomorrow:")
schedule_times = [
    time(9, 0),
    time(11, 30),
    time(14, 0),
    time(16, 30)
]

for t in schedule_times:
    dt = datetime.combine(tomorrow, t)
    print(f"  {dt}")

# Replace time in datetime
dt = datetime(2025, 1, 29, 14, 30, 45)
new_time = dt.replace(hour=15, minute=30, second=0, microsecond=0)
print(f"\nOriginal: {dt}")
print(f"New time: {new_time}")

  1. d ← 2025-01-29, t ← 14:30:00, dt1 ← 2025-01-29 14:30:00, dt2 ← 2025-01-29 14:30:00

    5# Combine date and time6d→ 2025-01-29 = date(2025, 1, 29)7t→ 14:30:00 = time(14, 30, 0)89# Combine using datetime10dt1→ 2025-01-29 14:30:00 = datetime<class 'datetime.datetime'>.combine(d2025-01-29, t14:30:00)11print(f"Date + Time: {dt12025-01-29 14:30:00}")1213# Shorthand: create datetime directly14dt2→ 2025-01-29 14:30:00 = datetime(2025, 1, 29, 14, 30, 0)15print(f"Direct datetime: {dt22025-01-29 14:30:00}")1617# Today at specific time18today_at_9→ 2025-01-29 09:00:00 = datetime<class 'datetime.datetime'>.combine(date(2025, 1, 29), time(9, 0))19print(f"\nToday at 9:00: {today_at_92025-01-29 09:00:00}")2021# Start and end of day22start_of_day→ 2025-01-29 00:00:00 = datetime<class 'datetime.datetime'>.combine(d2025-01-29, time.min00:00:00)23end_of_day→ 2025-01-29 23:59:59.999999 = datetime<class 'datetime.datetime'>.combine(d2025-01-29, time.max23:59:59.999999)2425print(f"\nStart of day: {start_of_day2025-01-29 00:00:00}")26print(f"End of day: {end_of_day2025-01-29 23:59:59.999999}")2728# Extract date and time from datetime29now→ 2025-01-29 14:30:45 = datetime(2025, 1, 29, 14, 30, 45)30extracted_date→ 2025-01-29 = now2025-01-29 14:30:45.date()31extracted_time→ 14:30:45 = now2025-01-29 14:30:45.time()3233print(f"\nNow: {now2025-01-29 14:30:45}")34print(f"Extracted date: {extracted_date2025-01-29}")35print(f"Extracted time: {extracted_time14:30:45}")3637# Common datetime patterns38print("\nCommon datetimes:")3940# Today at specific time41today→ 2025-01-29 = date(2025, 1, 29)42today_at_noon→ 2025-01-29 12:00:00 = datetime<class 'datetime.datetime'>.combine(today2025-01-29, time(12, 0))43print(f"Today at noon: {today_at_noon2025-01-29 12:00:00}")4445# Tomorrow at specific time46from datetime import timedelta47tomorrow→ 2025-01-30 = today2025-01-29 + timedelta(days=1)48tomorrow_at_9→ 2025-01-30 09:00:00 = datetime<class 'datetime.datetime'>.combine(tomorrow2025-01-30, time(9, 0))49print(f"Tomorrow at 9:00: {tomorrow_at_92025-01-30 09:00:00}")5051# Next Monday at 9 AM52days_until_monday→ 5 = (7 - today2025-01-29.weekday()) % 753if days_until_monday == 0:54    days_until_monday = 755next_monday→ 2025-02-03 = today2025-01-29 + timedelta(days=days_until_monday5)56next_monday_9am→ 2025-02-03 09:00:00 = datetime<class 'datetime.datetime'>.combine(next_monday2025-02-03, time(9, 0))57print(f"Next Monday 9 AM: {next_monday_9am2025-02-03 09:00:00}")5859# Schedule times60print("\nScheduled times for tomorrow:")61schedule_times→ [datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(11, 30), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(16, 30)] = [62    time(9, 0),63    time(11, 30),64    time(14, 0),65    time(16, 30)66]
    outputDate + Time: 2025-01-29 14:30:00
Direct datetime: 2025-01-29 14:30:00

Today at 9:00: 2025-01-29 09:00:00

Start of day: 2025-01-29 00:00:00
End of day: 2025-01-29 23:59:59.999999

Now: 2025-01-29 14:30:45
Extracted date: 2025-01-29
Extracted time: 14:30:45

Common datetimes:
Today at noon: 2025-01-29 12:00:00
Tomorrow at 9:00: 2025-01-30 09:00:00
Next Monday 9 AM: 2025-02-03 09:00:00

Scheduled times for tomorrow:

  2. dt ← 2025-01-30 09:00:00

    pass 1 of 4
    68for t09:00:00 in schedule_times[datetime.time(9, 0), datetime.time(11, 30), datetime.time(14, 0), datetime.time(16, 30)]:69    dt→ 2025-01-30 09:00:00 = datetime<class 'datetime.datetime'>.combine(tomorrow2025-01-30, t09:00:00)70    print(f"  {dt2025-01-30 09:00:00}")
    output  2025-01-30 09:00:00
    All 4 passes — pass 1 is the card above
    passtdt
    109:00:002025-01-30 09:00:00
    211:30:002025-01-30 11:30:00
    314:00:002025-01-30 14:00:00
    416:30:002025-01-30 16:30:00

  3. dt ← 2025-01-29 14:30:45, new_time ← 2025-01-29 15:30:00

    72# Replace time in datetime73dt→ 2025-01-29 14:30:45 = datetime(2025, 1, 29, 14, 30, 45)74new_time→ 2025-01-29 15:30:00 = dt2025-01-29 14:30:45.replace(hour=15, minute=30, second=0, microsecond=0)75print(f"\nOriginal: {dt2025-01-29 14:30:45}")76print(f"New time: {new_time2025-01-29 15:30:00}")
    output
Original: 2025-01-29 14:30:45
New time: 2025-01-29 15:30:00
datetime_combine Combining date and time objects into datetime

Common Operations

  • Access hour, minute, second components
  • Format to string
  • Compare times
  • Combine with date to make datetime

Immutability

Times are immutable - operations return new instances.

Exercise: practical.py

Validate business hours, round times to intervals, and generate time slots