Build a Graph as an Adjacency List

Represent an undirected graph as a map from each vertex to its list of neighbours. For every edge (u, v), append v to adj[u] and u to adj[v]. Neighbour lists keep insertion order so the graph is a stable, deterministic fixture for the search lessons.

Algorithm

The canonical fixture is 6 vertices [1..6] with undirected edges (1,2), (1,3), (2,4), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6) inserted in that order. The final adjacency list is {1: [2, 3], 2: [1, 4], 3: [1, 4], 4: [2, 3, 5], 5: [4, 6], 6: [5]}. This same graph drives graph-bfs, graph-dfs, and graph-shortest-path-bfs.

Basic Implementation

basic.py

edges = [(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)]
adj = {}
for u, v in edges:
    adj.setdefault(u, []).append(v)
    adj.setdefault(v, []).append(u)
print(adj)

Complexity

Build: O(V + E)
Space: O(V + E)

Implementation notes

Python: dict.setdefault(key, []).append(value) builds the hash-of-list in one pass while preserving insertion order.
The replay shows the adjacency map after each edge is added, matching the lesson spec.

adjacency list Each edge adds two directed entries, one in each direction.