Level-Order Traversal

Visit a tree breadth-first with a queue.

Algorithm

The canonical tree is 4(2(1,3),6(5,7)), so this Perl DSA implementation can be compared directly with the rest of the DSA track.

Basic Implementation

basic.pl

use strict;
use warnings;
sub node { my ($value, $left, $right) = @_; return { value => $value, left => $left, right => $right }; }
sub render {
    my ($node) = @_;
    return "_" unless defined $node;
    return "$node->{value}" unless defined $node->{left} || defined $node->{right};
    return "$node->{value}(" . render($node->{left}) . "," . render($node->{right}) . ")";
}
sub sample_tree {
    return node(4, node(2, node(1), node(3)), node(6, node(5), node(7)));
}
sub list_string { return "[" . join(", ", @_) . "]"; }
my @queue = (sample_tree()); my @output; while (@queue) { my $node = shift @queue; push @output, $node->{value}; push @queue, $node->{left} if defined $node->{left}; push @queue, $node->{right} if defined $node->{right}; } print list_string(@output) . "\n";

Complexity

Time: O(n)
Space: O(w) queue space

Implementation notes

Render tree structure explicitly instead of printing node objects.
The replay highlights the node, traversal state, queue, path, or search cursor that changes at each step.

level order Level-order traversal uses a queue to visit shallower nodes first.