Rail Limit Clips Output - Electronic Circuits V: Front-End Conditioning and Gain Contracts Step by Step

A rail-limited ideal gain output is clipped by the declared high rail. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Exact fractional gain is allowed

A gain of one half maps 6 volts to 3 volts.

V_{\text{out}} = \tfrac{1}{2}\cdot 6\ \text{V} = 3\ \text{V}

The declared rail limits the output

The unclipped result would be 8 volts, but the declared high rail is 5 volts.

\min(8\ \text{V}, 5\ \text{V}) = 5\ \text{V}