Gain Rail Three-Row Scan - Electronic Circuits V: Front-End Conditioning and Gain Contracts Step by Step

Three gain rows show normal multiplication and the rail-limited output. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Two volts doubles to four volts

With gain 2, input 2 volts gives output 4 volts.

2\cdot2\ \text{V}=4\ \text{V}

Four volts doubles to eight volts

The same gain maps 4 volts to 8 volts without touching the rail.

2\cdot4\ \text{V}=8\ \text{V}

Eight volts would make sixteen, then clips

The raw product is 16 volts, but the rail is 12 volts, so the output is 12 volts.

\min(2\cdot8\ \text{V},12\ \text{V})=12\ \text{V}