Electronic Circuits IX & X: Feedback Control and Sampled Conversion Step by Step
A lightweight execution-visualization book.
The Feedback Ledger
Feedback Subtracts a Measurement
Controller Gain Drives the Error
Closed Loop Output Solves the Ledger
Loop Gain, Sensors, and Limits
More Forward Gain Reduces Error
Sensor Scale Changes the Loop Equation
Actuator Limits Break the Ideal Loop
Sampled Corrections
Half Correction Converges
Full Correction Hits Target
Too Large Correction Overshoots but Damps
Stability Margins and Audit
Boundary Correction Does Not Damp
Margin Gate Is a Model Contract
Feedback Control Audit Closes Chain
Feedback Control Cross Scans
Loop Gain Error Three-Row Scan
Actuator Rail Three-Row Scan
Correction Fraction Three-Row Scan
Source-Factor Depth Scans
Target Size Three-Row Scan
Sensor Gain Three-Row Scan
Rail Ceiling Three-Row Scan
Initial State Three-Row Scan
Margin Gate Three-Row Scan
Sampling Is a Time Contract
Sample Period Sets the Clock
Faster Sampling Covers Less Time for the Same Count
Aperture Is a Window Inside the Period
Quantization Ladders
Full-Scale Range Divides into Codes
More Codes Make a Smaller Step
Code Edges Are Intervals
ADC Codes and Clipping
Input Voltage Selects a Code Bin
Fractional Input Keeps the Same Code until the Next Edge
Out-of-Range Inputs Clip to the End Codes
Reconstruction and Audit
Code Reconstructs a Voltage Level
Finer Steps Reduce the Reconstruction Error
Conversion Audit Cites Every Contract
Finite Conversion Relation Cross Scans
Sample Window Total Three-Row Scan
Aperture Duty Three-Row Scan
Quantization Step Three-Row Scan
Reconstruction Error Three-Row Scan
Converter Boundary Depth Scans
Fixed-Window Sample Count Three-Row Scan
ADC Bin Edge Three-Row Scan
Clip Direction Three-Row Scan
Reconstruction Error Sign Three-Row Scan
Conversion Audit Gate Three-Row Scan