Force, Impulse, and Momentum

Energy over Speed Matches Absorber Impulse

The momentum an absorber picks up equals the beam energy divided by the speed of light, p = E_beam / c, tying the impulse ledger back to the photon energy delivered. The match is exact only for stated beam energy, surface orientation, and a perfectly absorbing normal surface. Real beams add nonuniform profiles, timing, surface losses, alignment, calibration, and measurement uncertainty.

For the absorber chain, beam energy over speed matches force impulse. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Absorber momentum matches energy over speed

Only the absorber chain uses the E over c closure.

Ec=726=12 kg m/s\frac{E}{c}=\frac{72}{6}=12\ \text{kg}\,\text{m}/\text{s}
Absorber momentum closureEnergy and impulse agree for the absorber.forceSource=boundtimeWindow=4 simpulse=12 kg*m/smomentum=12 kg*m/sshowMomentumBit=1 bit

The momentum display is explicitly enabled

Mirror cases cannot turn on this absorber-only equality.

showMomentumBit=1\hbox{showMomentumBit}=1
Absorber-only momentum bitThe closure bit is checked.forceSource=boundtimeWindow=4 simpulse=12 kg*m/smomentum=12 kg*m/sshowMomentumBit=1 bit