Quick Sort (Lomuto)

Choose the last item as a pivot, partition smaller values to its left, then recurse on the two sides.

Algorithm

The checked-in replay follows the same small input and final output across all 21 DSA books, so this C++ DSA implementation can be compared directly with the other languages.

Basic Implementation

basic.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int partition(std::vector<int>& arr, int low, int high) {
    int pivot = arr[high];
    int i = low - 1;
    for (int j = low; j < high; ++j) {
        if (arr[j] <= pivot) {
            ++i;
            std::swap(arr[i], arr[j]);
        }
    }
    std::swap(arr[i + 1], arr[high]);
    return i + 1;
}

void quick_sort(std::vector<int>& arr, int low, int high) {
    if (low < high) {
        int pivot_index = partition(arr, low, high);
        quick_sort(arr, low, pivot_index - 1);
        quick_sort(arr, pivot_index + 1, high);
    }
}

int main() {
    std::vector<int> arr{4, 1, 5, 2, 3};
    quick_sort(arr, 0, static_cast<int>(arr.size()) - 1);
    std::cout << "[";
    for (size_t i = 0; i < arr.size(); ++i) {
        if (i > 0) std::cout << ", ";
        std::cout << arr[i];
    }
    std::cout << "]" << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

Complexity

Time: O(n^2) worst, O(n log n) average
Space: O(log n) average call stack
Stable: no

Implementation notes

Keep the explicit algorithmic steps instead of calling a standard-library sort. The replay is meant to expose comparisons, movement, and recursion.
The implementation is intentionally compact for learning and replay, not a production sorting utility.

pivot The final element is moved to the boundary between smaller and larger values.

partition One scan rearranges the current range before the recursive calls.