The same fixed affine output is checked against three rail values, from clipped through exactly-at to clear above. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Chapter two's own clipped case is this scan's first row

The affine output before any rail is 25. Chapter two checked exactly one rail value, 20, which clips the reported output down to 20.

25>20Y=2025>20\Rightarrow Y=20
Rail below the affine outputThe output bar is clipped down to the rail value.measured=15dark=3net=12rail=20output=20

Three rail values bracket the same fixed affine output

The measured, dark, gain, and offset sources all stay fixed, so the unclipped output stays the same in every row. Only the rail changes, moving the reported output from clipped, to exactly-at-rail, to fully clear.

railYunclippedY202520252525302525\begin{array}{c|c|c}\text{rail}&Y_{\text{unclipped}}&Y\\20&25&20\\25&25&25\\30&25&25\\\end{array}
Rail exactly at the affine outputThe boundary row reports the unclipped value exactly.measured=15dark=3net=12rail=25output=25

A rail clear above the output never clips it

With rail 30, well above the unclipped output of 25, the reported output is the full unclipped value, 25.

25<30Y=2525<30\Rightarrow Y=25
Rail above the affine outputThe final row is rendered as the checked clear-of-rail case.measured=15dark=3net=12rail=30output=25