A sign-only structure factor adds before it is squared. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Signed contributions add before intensity

The signed contributions are plus, minus, plus, plus. Their exact amplitude is 2.

A=1+1+1+1=2A=1+-1+1+1=2
Structure factorSigned contributions add before intensity is squared.termtermtermtermsigned sum

Intensity squares the amplitude

The intensity is 2 squared, so the exact training intensity is 4.

I=A2=22=4I=A^2=2^2=4
Structure factorSigned contributions add before intensity is squared.termtermtermtermsigned sum