The energy budget accepts only when work and waste sum to input. Exact arithmetic here means exact results for the stated model inputs; measured inputs still carry uncertainty and significant-figure limits.

highlighted = computed this step

Input energy splits into two channels

Input energy is 60 joules, useful work is 36 joules, and waste heat is 24 joules.

36+2436+24
Transduction budget ledgerInput energy splits into useful work and waste heat.inputworkheat

Useful work plus waste closes input

The budget closes because useful work plus waste equals 60 joules.

36+24=6036+24=60
Transduction budget ledgerInput energy splits into useful work and waste heat.inputworkheat